English Language Teaching Methodologies
Listed below are
brief summaries of some of the more popular second language teaching methods of
the last half century. For a more detailed analysis of the different methods,
see Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching Richards, J.
and Rodgers, T (1986) CUP Cambridge.
1.
Direct Method (DM)
In this method the teaching is done
entirely in the target language. The learner is not allowed to use his or her
mother tongue. Grammar rules are avoided and there is emphasis on good
pronunciation.
2.
Grammar Translation Method (GTM)
Learning is largely by translation to
and from the target language. Grammar rules are to be memorized and long lists
of vocabulary learned by heart. There is little or no emphasis placed on
developing oral ability.
3.
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)
The theory behind this method is that
learning a language means acquiring habits. There is much practice of dialogues
of every situations. New language is first heard and extensively drilled before
being seen in its written form.
4.
Total Physical Response (TPR)
TPR works by having the learner respond
to simple commands such as "Stand up", "Close your book",
"Go to the window and open it." The method stresses the importance of
aural comprehension.
5.
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
The focus of this method is to enable
the learner to communicate effectively and appropriately in the various
situations she would be likely to find herself in. The content of CLT courses
are functions such as inviting, suggesting, complaining or notions such as the
expression of time, quantity, location.
6.
Silent Way (SW)
This is so called because the aim of the
teacher is to say as little as possible in order that the learner can be in
control of what he wants to say. No use is made of the mother tongue.
7.
Community Language Learning (CLL)
In this method attempts are made to
build strong personal links between the teacher and student so that there are
no blocks to learning. There is much talk in the mother tongue which is
translated by the teacher for repetition by the student.
8. Eclectic Method (EM)
This method is a blend of all the above
methods. The teacher can decide which aspects are more favorable for the
students.
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